Auto insurance in the United States
Coverage available
The consumer may be protected with different coverage types depending on what coverage the insured purchases. Some states require that motorists carry liability insurance coverage to ensure that their drivers can cover the cost of damages to people or property in the event of an automobile accident. Some states, such as Wisconsin, have more flexible “proof of financial responsibility” requirements.
In the United States, liability insurance covers claims against the policy holder and generally, any other operator of the insured vehicles, provided they do not live at the same address as the policy holder, and are not specifically excluded on the policy. In the case of those living at the same address, they must specifically be covered on the policy. Thus it is necessary, for example, when a family member comes of driving age that they be added to the policy. Liability insurance sometimes does not protect the policy holder if they operate any vehicles other than their own. When you drive a vehicle owned by another party, you are covered under that party’s policy. Non-owners policies may be offered that would cover an insured on any vehicle they drive. This coverage is available only to those who do not own their own vehicle and is sometimes required by the government for drivers who have previously been found at fault in an accident. Non-owners policies are also known as Named Operator Policies. The policies are useful for people whose drivers license has been suspended and they have to have insurance for their license to be reinstated.
Generally, liability coverage extends when you rent a car. Comprehensive policies ("full coverage") usually also apply to the rental vehicle, although this should be verified beforehand. Full coverage premiums are based on, among other factors, the value of the insured’s vehicle. This coverage, however, cannot apply to rental cars because the insurance company does not want to assume responsibility for a claim greater than the value of the insured’s vehicle, assuming that a rental car may be worth more than the insured’s vehicle. Most rental car companies offer insurance to cover damage to the rental vehicle. These policies may be unnecessary for many customers as credit card companies, such as Visa and MasterCard, now provide supplemental collision damage coverage to rental cars if the transaction is processed using one of their cards. These benefits are restrictive in terms of the types of vehicles covered.
Liability
Liability coverage is offered for bodily injury (BI) or property damage (PD) for which the insured driver is deemed responsible. The amount of coverage provided (a fixed dollar amount) will vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Whatever the minimum, the insured can usually increase the coverage (prior to a loss) for an additional charge.
An example of Property Damage is where an insured driver (or 1st party) drives into a telephone pole and damages the pole, liability coverage pays for the damage to the pole. In this example, the drivers insured may also become liable for other expenses related to damaging the telephone pole, such as loss of service claims (by the telephone company), depending on the jurisdiction. An example of Bodily Injury is where an insured driver causes bodily harm to a third party and the insured driver is deemed responsible for the injuries. However, in some jurisdictions, the third party would first exhaust coverage for accident benefits through their own insurer (assuming they have one) and/or would have to meet a legal definition of severe impairment to have the right to claim (or sue) under the insured driver's (or 1st Party's) policy.
In some jurisdictions: Liability coverage is available either as a combined single limit policy, or as a split limit policy:
Combined single limit
A combined single limit combines property damage liability coverage and bodily injury coverage under one single combined limit. For example, an insured driver with a combine single liability limit strikes another vehicle and injures the driver and the passenger. Payments for the damages to the other driver's car, as well as payments for injury claims for the driver and passenger, would be paid out under this same coverage.
Split limits
A split limit liability coverage policy splits the coverages into property damage coverage and bodily injury coverage. In the example given above, payments for the other driver's vehicle would be paid out under property damage coverage, and payments for the injuries would be paid out under bodily injury coverage.
Bodily injury liability coverage is also usually split into a maximum payment per person and a maximum payment per accident.
In the state of Oklahoma, insurance companies must carry at least state minimum liability limits of $25,000/$50,000/$25,000.[citation needed] If an insured driver hits a car full of people and is found by the insurance company to be liable, the insurance company will pay $25,000 of one person's medical bills but will not exceed $50,000 for other people injured in the accident. The insurance company will not pay more than $25,000 for property damage in repairs to the vehicle that the insured one hit.
In the state of Indiana, the minimum liability limits are $25,000/$50,000/$10,000,[citation needed] so there is a greater property damage exposure for only carrying the minimum limits.
Full coverage
Full coverage is the name commonly referred to as Comprehensive and Collision.
Collision
Collision coverage provides coverage for an insured's vehicle that is involved in an accident, subject to a deductible. This coverage is designed to provide payments to repair the damaged vehicle, or payment of the cash value of the vehicle if it is not repairable. Collision coverage is optional, however if you plan on financing a car or taking a car loan, the lender will usually insist you carry collision for the finance term or until your car is paid off. Collision Damage Waiver (CDW) or Loss Damage Waiver (LDW) is the term used by rental car companies for collision coverage.
Comprehensive
Comprehensive (a.k.a. - Other Than Collision) coverage provides coverage, subject to a deductible, for an insured's vehicle that is damaged by incidents that are not considered Collisions. For example, fire, theft (or attempted theft), vandalism, weather, or impacts with animals are types of Comprehensive losses.
Uninsured/underinsured Motorist coverage
Underinsured coverage, also known as UM/UIM, provides coverage if an at-fault party either does not have insurance, or does not have enough insurance. In effect, your insurance company pays your medical bills, then would subrogate from the at fault party. This coverage is often overlooked and very important. In Colorado for example, it was estimated in 2007 that 24% of drivers did not carry the state minimum liability limits required by law. Unfortunately, this number goes up significantly during recessions. In some areas, it is estimated that 1 out of every 3 drivers don't carry insurance. Usually your limits match your liability limits. Some insurance companies do offer um/uim in an umbrella policy.
In the United States, the definition of an uninsured/underinsured motorist, and corresponding coverages, are set by state laws.
Loss of use
Loss of use coverage, also known as rental coverage, provides reimbursement for rental expenses associated with having an insured vehicle repaired due to a covered loss.
Loan/lease payoff
Loan/lease payoff coverage, also known as GAP coverage or GAP insurance,[19][20] was established in the early 1980s to provide protection to consumers based upon buying and market trends.
Due to the sharp decline in value immediately following purchase, there is generally a period in which the amount owed on the car loan exceeds the value of the vehicle, which is called "upside-down" or negative equity. Thus, if the vehicle is damaged beyond economical repair at this point, the owner will still owe potentially thousands of dollars on the loan. The escalating price of cars, longer-term auto loans, and the increasing popularity of leasing gave birth to GAP protection. GAP waivers provide protection for consumers when a "gap" exists between the actual value of their vehicle and the amount of money owed to the bank or leasing company. In many instances, this insurance will also pay the deductible on the primary insurance policy. These policies are often offered at auto dealerships as a comparatively low cost add-on to the car loan that provides coverage for the duration of the loan. GAP Insurance does not always pay off the full loan value however. These cases include but are not limited to: 1. Any unpaid delinquent payments due at the time of loss; 2. Payment deferrals or extensions (commonly called skips or skip a payment); 3. refinancing of the vehicle loan after the policy was purchased; or 4. Late fees or other administrative fees assessd after loan commencement. Therefore, it is important for a policy holder to understand that they may still owe on the loan even though the GAP policy was purchased. Failure to understand this can result in the lender continuing their legal remedies to collect the balance and the potential of damaged credit.
Consumers should be aware that a few states, including New York, require lenders of leased cars to include GAP insurance within the cost of the lease itself. This means that the monthly price quoted by the dealer must include GAP insurance, whether it is delineated or not. Nevertheless, unscrupulous dealers sometimes prey on unsuspecting individuals by offering them GAP insurance at an additional price, on top of the monthly payment, without mentioning the State's requirements.
In addition, some vendors and insurance companies offer what is called "Total Loss Coverage." This is similar to ordinary GAP insurance but differs in that instead of paying off the negative equity on a vehicle that is a total loss, the policy provides a certain amount, usually up to $5000, toward the purchase or lease of a new vehicle. Thus, to some extent the distinction makes no difference, i.e., in either case the owner receives a certain sum of money. However, in choosing which type of policy to purchase, the owner should consider whether, in case of a total loss, it is more advantageous for him or her to have the policy pay off the negative equity or provide a down payment on a new vehicle.
For example, assuming a total loss of a vehicle valued at $15,000, but on which the owner owes $20,000, is the "gap" of $5000. If the owner has traditional GAP coverage, the "gap" will be wiped out and he or she may purchase or lease another vehicle or choose not to. If the owner has "Total Loss Coverage," he or she will have to personally cover the "gap" of $5000, and then receive $5000 toward the purchase or lease of a new vehicle, thereby either reducing monthly payments, in the case of financing or leasing, or the total purchase price in the case of outright purchasing. So the decision on which type of policy to purchase will, in most instances, be informed by whether the owner can pay off the negative equity in case of a total loss and/or whether he or she will definitively purchase a replacement vehicle.
towing
Car towing coverage is also known as Roadside Assistance coverage. Traditionally, automobile insurance companies have agreed to only pay for the cost of a tow that is related to an accident that is covered under the automobile policy of insurance. This had left a gap in coverage for tows that are related to mechanical breakdowns, flat tires and gas outages. To fill that void, insurance companies started to offer the car towing coverage, which pays for non-accident related tows.
Personal Property
Personal items in a vehicle that are damaged due to an accident would not be a covered under the auto policy. Any type of property that is not attached to the vehicle should be claimed under a homeowners or renters policy. However, some insurance companies will cover unattatched GPS devices intended for automobile use.
Note: source wikipidia
Saturday, March 6, 2010
Wednesday, February 24, 2010
GENERAL MOTORS U.S
General Motors Company, also known as GM, is a United States based automaker with headquarters in Detroit, Michigan.
By sales, GM ranked as the largest U.S. automaker and the world's second largest for 2008.[5] GM had the third highest 2008 global revenues among automakers on the Fortune Global 500.[6][5] GM manufactures cars and trucks in 34 countries, recently employed 244,500 people around the world, and sells and services vehicles in some 140 countries.[5]
On June 1, 2009 General Motors filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings from which it emerged on July 10, 2009 in a reorganization in which a new entity acquired the most valuable assets. GM is temporarily majority owned by the United States Treasury and to a smaller extent the Canadian government,[3][7][8] with the US government investing a total of US$57.6 billion under the Troubled Asset Relief Program.[9]
While no GM shares are currently available to the public, the company plans an initial public stock offering (IPO) in 2010.[10]
GM plans to focus its business on its four core US brands — Chevrolet, Cadillac, Buick, and GMC. In Europe, following a period of negotiation to sell a majority stake in its Opel and Vauxhall brands, GM decided to retain full ownership of these operations.[11]
On January 26, GM announced that it had reached an agreement to sell SAAB to Spyker Cars NV. GM also has an agreement to sell its Hummer brand, awaiting Chinese regulatory approval, while winding down its Pontiac and Saturn brands as they remain under the old GM, now known as Motors Liquidation Company.
By sales, GM ranked as the largest U.S. automaker and the world's second largest for 2008.[5] GM had the third highest 2008 global revenues among automakers on the Fortune Global 500.[6][5] GM manufactures cars and trucks in 34 countries, recently employed 244,500 people around the world, and sells and services vehicles in some 140 countries.[5]
On June 1, 2009 General Motors filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings from which it emerged on July 10, 2009 in a reorganization in which a new entity acquired the most valuable assets. GM is temporarily majority owned by the United States Treasury and to a smaller extent the Canadian government,[3][7][8] with the US government investing a total of US$57.6 billion under the Troubled Asset Relief Program.[9]
While no GM shares are currently available to the public, the company plans an initial public stock offering (IPO) in 2010.[10]
GM plans to focus its business on its four core US brands — Chevrolet, Cadillac, Buick, and GMC. In Europe, following a period of negotiation to sell a majority stake in its Opel and Vauxhall brands, GM decided to retain full ownership of these operations.[11]
On January 26, GM announced that it had reached an agreement to sell SAAB to Spyker Cars NV. GM also has an agreement to sell its Hummer brand, awaiting Chinese regulatory approval, while winding down its Pontiac and Saturn brands as they remain under the old GM, now known as Motors Liquidation Company.
 | |
| Type | Limited Liability Company |
|---|---|
| Founded | Flint, Michigan (1908) |
| Founder(s) | William C. Durant |
| Headquarters | Renaissance Center Detroit, Michigan, United States |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | Edward Whitacre, Jr. (Chairman and CEO)[1] |
| Industry | Automotive |
| Products | Automobiles |
| Revenue | ▼ US$ 148.979 billion (2008)[2] |
| Operating income | ▲ US$ US$ 21.284 billion (2008)[2] |
| Net income | ▼ US$ −30.9 billion (2008)[2] |
| Total assets | ▼ US$ 91.047 billion (2008)[2] |
| Total equity | ▼ US$ −86.154 billion (2008)[2] |
| Owner(s) | United States Department of the Treasury (61%) United Auto Workers Union Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association (17.5%) The Crown in Right of Canada (7.9%)[3] The Crown in Right of Ontario (3.8%)[3] Bond holders of Motors Liquidation Company (9.8%) |
| Employees | 244,500 (2009)[4] |
| Divisions | Buick Cadillac Chevrolet GM Daewoo GMC Holden Vauxhall Opel Wuling |
| Subsidiaries | OnStar |
| Website | GM.com NOTE: SOURCE WIKIPIDIA |
Tuesday, February 23, 2010
AUTOMOBILE HISTORY
An automobile, motor car or car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.[1] However, the term automobile is far from precise, because there are many types of vehicles that do similar tasks.
There are approximately 600 million passenger cars worldwide (roughly one car per eleven people).[2][3] Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; they burn over 1 billion m³ (260 billion US gallons) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China and India.[4]
While road traffic injuries represent the leading cause in worldwide injury-related deaths,[19] their popularity undermines this statistic.
Mary Ward became one of the first documented automobile fatalities in 1869 in Parsonstown, Ireland[20] and Henry Bliss one of the United States' first pedestrian automobile casualties in 1899 in New York.[21] There are now standard tests for safety in new automobiles, like the EuroNCAP and the US NCAP tests,[22] as well as insurance-backed IIHS tests.[23]
Similarly the costs to society of encompassing automobile use, which may include those of: maintaining roads, land use, pollution, public health, health care, and of disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life, can be balanced against the value of the benefits to society that automobile use generates. The societal benefits may include: economy benefits, such as job and wealth creation, of automobile production and maintenance, transportation provision, society wellbeing derived from leisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from the tax opportunities. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far reaching implications for the nature of societies.
NOTE: SOURCE WIKIPIDIA
There are approximately 600 million passenger cars worldwide (roughly one car per eleven people).[2][3] Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; they burn over 1 billion m³ (260 billion US gallons) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China and India.[4]
Fuel and propulsion technologies
Most automobiles in use today are propelled by gasoline (also known as petrol) or diesel internal combustion engines, which are known to cause air pollution and are also blamed for contributing to climate change and global warming.[17] Increasing costs of oil-based fuels, tightening environmental laws and restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions are propelling work on alternative power systems for automobiles. Efforts to improve or replace existing technologies include the development of hybrid vehicles, and electric and hydrogen vehicles which do not release pollution into the air.Data transmission
Automobiles use CAM, MOSH (optic fiber), multiplexing, bluetooth and WiFi between others.Safety
Main articles: Car safety and Automobile accident
There are three main statistics to which automobile safety can be compared:[18] (Data taken from UK transportation)
| Deaths per billion journeys |
|---|
| Bus: 4.3 |
| Rail: 20 |
| Van: 20 |
| Car: 40 |
| Foot: 40 |
| Water: 90 |
| Air: 117 |
| Bicycle: 170 |
| Motorcycle: 1640 |
| Deaths per billion hours |
|---|
| Bus: 11.1 |
| Rail: 30 |
| Air: 30.8 |
| Water: 50 |
| Van: 60 |
| Car: 130 |
| Foot: 220 |
| Bicycle: 550 |
| Motorcycle: 4840 |
| Deaths per billion kilometres |
|---|
| Air: 0.05 |
| Bus: 0.4 |
| Rail: 0.6 |
| Van: 1.2 |
| Water: 2.6 |
| Car: 3.1 |
| Bicycle: 44.6 |
| Foot: 54.2 |
| Motorcycle: 108.9 |
Mary Ward became one of the first documented automobile fatalities in 1869 in Parsonstown, Ireland[20] and Henry Bliss one of the United States' first pedestrian automobile casualties in 1899 in New York.[21] There are now standard tests for safety in new automobiles, like the EuroNCAP and the US NCAP tests,[22] as well as insurance-backed IIHS tests.[23]
Costs and benefits
The costs of automobile usage, which may include the cost of: acquiring the vehicle, repairs, maintenance, fuel, depreciation, parking fees, tire replacement, taxes and insurance,[24] are weighed against the cost of the alternatives, and the value of the benefits - perceived and real - of vehicle usage. The benefits may include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence and convenience.Similarly the costs to society of encompassing automobile use, which may include those of: maintaining roads, land use, pollution, public health, health care, and of disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life, can be balanced against the value of the benefits to society that automobile use generates. The societal benefits may include: economy benefits, such as job and wealth creation, of automobile production and maintenance, transportation provision, society wellbeing derived from leisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from the tax opportunities. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far reaching implications for the nature of societies.
NOTE: SOURCE WIKIPIDIA
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